Background: The lack of specialist physicians is a major concern in developing countries, especially in Deprived cities. Objectives: This study aimed to identify the predictive variables of the turnover intention of physicians working in an undeveloped and Deprived city in Iran. Methods: Participants were 100 physicians working at North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Iran. The data were collected using a standard questionnaire of Turnover Intention, Interpersonal Conflict, Work-Family Conflict, Work Overload, and Organizational Support scales. We proposed a hybrid methodology to identify factors influencing turnover intention, which combines clustering and classification methods. RStudio 1. 1, SPSS Clementine 12, and SPSS 22 programs were used for data analysis. After data clustering, we made a CART decision tree model for each cluster and used the variable importance feature of SPSS Clementine to discover the factors influencing turnover intention in each cluster. Results: We found two significant clusters of physicians’ turnover intention. In both clusters, interpersonal conflict (work ambiguity and work conflict) was the most important predictor of physician turnover intention, but physicians in the first cluster compared to the second had a higher turnover intention. In cluster 1, work overload, organizational support, and work-family conflict were respectively the predictors of physician turnover intention and in cluster 2, organizational support, work-family conflict, and final work overload were respectively the predictors of physician turnover intention. Conclusion: Cultural differences and the resulting interpersonal conflicts are the most important predictors of physician turnover intention in Deprived Areas. Turnover intention predictions of physicians with a longer work experience are different from that of others, and human resource managers must implement appropriate strategies to keep physicians in the Deprived Areas.

Rampant caries is considered as an acute and rapidly progressive destruction of tooth structure in young children. The aim of this study was to compare the prevalence of Rampant caries in preschool children in Deprived and nonDeprived Areas of Mashhad - Iran.A group of 754 children aged 3-6 years old were examined in kindergartens throughout Mashhad. Cases were selected in a random sampling manner. WHO criterias were used for the examination and diagnosis of dental caries.Results indicated that 12 percent of children had rampant caries (RC) while 22 percent were caries free (CF).There was a statistically significant positive correlation between the prevalance of RC and the rise in age (P<0.005).RC percentage increased from 4% in 3 years of age to 15.5% in 6 years of age. The prevalence of CF and RC in Deprived area were 16% and 9% while these were at 26% and 11% in non - Deprived Areas, respeclivety. The difference was only significant (P<0.05) in caries free children.In conclusion: RC rate increased with an incease in age while there was no significant difference in prevalance of RC between the two different Areas.

Background and Aim: Implementation of a program to support physicians’,working long in Deprived Areas is one of the most important programs of the Health System Transformation Plan in response to the challenge of the shortage of expert staff, particularly physicians. Numerous factors affect the persistence of physicians in different regions, especially in Deprived ones. This study aims to explain the experiences of physicians in relation to the challenges of working long in Deprived Areas. Materials and Methods: The present research is a qualitative study that was conducted in 2020 in Tehran, Iran. To achieve information saturation, 16 physicians and specialists were chosen using purposive sampling method. Then, for data collection, semi-structured interviews were used. Moreover, data analysis was performed using Graneheim and Lundman contractual content analysis method, and data management was done with MAXQDA software version 12. Furthermore, Lincoln and Guba reliability criteria were applied to achieve data accuracy and reliability. Results: Three female and 13 male physicians with a mean work experience of 45. 7±, 7. 8 years and an average work experience in Deprived Areas of 8±, 6. 3 years participated in the study. Six participants were native to the region and the rest were non-native. Twelve participants in the study were the faculty members of the university. When the data were analyzed, 286 initial codes were extracted. The information was divided into four main categories and eleven subcategories. Welfare, motivation, justice and security were the main categories of this study. Conclusion: Providing individual and social welfare for physicians, and fair treatment in financial payments and educational justice along with establishing security provide the necessary motivation for physicians to stay in a Deprived area. Besides by combining several solutions at the same time, the presence of doctors in Deprived Areas can be guaranteed.

Introduction: Malnutrition is one of the important health problems throughout the world, particularly in developing countries, which has undesirable effects on mental and physical health of children. Multiple research studies showed malnutrition is a problem in Iran but little research is available on the nutrition-status of children in Deprived Areas.Methods: This cross sectional and descriptive analytical study was done on 1211 school children aged 7-14 years in five Deprived regions, selected through multistage cluster sampling methodology. The data were collected through measuring of weight and height. To study malnutrition, three indices were used, namely "weight to age" (underweight), "weight to height" (wasting) and "height to age" (stunting). The obtained data was analyzed by means of chi-square test, SPSS software and EPI-Info 2000, and a=0.05 was taken as the significant level.Results: Of the 1211 subjects, 54.2% were males and the rest were females. The prevalence of under nutrition among children was as follows: underweight (70.6%), stunting (70%), wasting (20%). With the increase in education levels of mothers, stunting and under weight significantly decreased in children (P<0.001).Conclusion: The results revealed that a high percent of children suffered malnutrition. Increasing the education of mothers and promoting nutrition status of children are recommended in Deprived Areas.

Due to computer invention, the distance learning, lifelong learning, and indirect education, all converted to the electroniceducation and learning. With the advent of smartphones and tablets, direct and indirect education especially mobile learning step towards the use of smartphones. This paper describes how an “Android smartphone” can be replaced with many digital devices, even computers. It has been investigated the main advantages of the smartphone usages in education, and listed their unique characteristics for studying and realizing difficult lessons like mathematics and physics.We have introduced and emphasized some of the applications needed for every successful teacher. Such applications canprovide virtual laboratories for experimental sessions when real ones are not accessible, especially in Deprived Areas. Our study showed that compared to the control group, the smartphone-learned group scored higher. It can be concluded that the level of understanding physics and mathematics concepts were improved using such android applications.

Health is the axis of the social, economic, political and cultural development of all human societies and has particular importance in the development of the infrastructure of different sections of society. The final goal of any country's health care system is to improve the health of its people. Equal access to health services and equitable distribution of health resources is one of the main goals of health sector planners and policymakers in each country. Inequality in the distribution of health sector resources is more severe in developing countries such as Iran than in developed countries. Inadequate and poor budget allocation to the health sector, lack of proper and long-term planning are the main reasons for these inequalities. Reducing inequality between different regions in accessing health resources is one of the most important goals of health policy makers in Iran. One of the main ways to achieve this goal is the balanced distribution of health facilities and resources across different geographical Areas according to people's health needs and population levels. In this regard, the first step is awareness of the status of access to health services in different Areas. There are numerous measures to bring about justice in the field of health and to expand health services in Deprived Areas such as: equipping various hospitals with modern facilities, acquiring specialist doctors and providing specialized services, and, especially, improving community nutrition. In recent years, military organizations have also played an influential role in expanding health services in Deprived Areas. All these efforts have extended health services to the lowest levels of the Deprived community and strata for human dignity and increased attention on Deprived Areas. However, there is still a lack of justice in the health field that requires more careful planning and comprehensive efforts. In the meantime, the realization of health justice and the expansion of health services in Deprived Areas are effective factors in enhancing the efficiency of the Islamic republic system.

Education, as the highest authority and organization governing school sports in the country, is responsible for its development and promotion. The success of education in this field is tied to the diffusion of sport in schools. Sport not only benefits health, but also contributes to the economic, cultural and social characteristics of a region and country. Attention to physical education and vitality of students is one of the most important issues in education and every year there are various programs aimed at emphasizing the importance of sport and sport activities for the general public. The development of equity in sports planning in schools enables institutionalized sport in all Areas. While there are no sports facilities and equipment in many schools today, this has led to the growth of injustice on the path of physical education development in schools. Many problems have arisen due to the lack of attention to school sports, especially in Deprived Areas of the country. The loss of talent and the lack of cultural programs in these Areas have led to some form of poverty in these Areas. With this in mind, the need for comprehensive research to strengthen the status of school sports, especially in Deprived Areas of the country, is well understood. The lack of research in this area has led to major ambiguities in the planning and development of school sports in Deprived Areas of the country. Therefore, the present study was designed and implemented to determine the incidence of exercise in Deprived Areas. The method of this research is mixed (qualitative and quantitative). The statistical population of the present study in the qualitative section consisted of elites and people with knowledge of school sports in Deprived Areas in Kermanshah province. These included some physical education teachers and physical education managers who worked in Deprived Areas of Kermanshah province during their service. The statistical population of this research includes all the teachers of sport in the Deprived Areas of Kermanshah province. When the statistical population is uncertain, Cochran's sample size formula will be used in the case of statistical uncertainty. According to this formula, under these conditions, the sample number will be 384 (Sarani and Elahee, 1395, 57; Drunk and Fakhraei, 2014, 117). Accordingly, 384 sports secretaries were identified as the research sample. In order to study these Areas, first a list of Deprived Areas in Kermanshah province, according to the meeting of the Cabinet of Ministers in 2009, was determined and based on random cluster selection, 3 cities were selected as target cities and then 384 secretaries. Exercises were identified from these Areas. According to government approval in Kermanshah province in 2009, there are eight Deprived cities including Qasr Shirin, Javanrood, Sarpol Zahab, Gilan Gharb, Paveh, Thales Babajani, Dalahoo and Ravansar. The target Areas were identified and the questionnaires were distributed among the sports teachers present in these towns and villages around the cities and after they were completed. Finally, 361 completed questionnaires were collected from sports teachers in these Areas. The data collection tools in this study included semi-structured interviews in the qualitative section and in the quantitative section a researcher-made questionnaire based on the Wisbord model with 2 demographic sections and 22 questions. The main questions of this research were identified after reviewing the research background and reviewing the opinions of a number of experts using an open questionnaire. The questions in this section were designed on a five-point Likert scale. The face and content validity of this questionnaire was evaluated using the opinion of academic experts and exploratory factor analysis was used to assess the construct validity of this questionnaire. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to determine the reliability of the questionnaire. The reliability of the questionnaire was 0. 81. Statistical methods used in the present study include Smirnov clomograph test to determine the normality of research data, exploratory factor analysis test to check the construct validity of the questionnaire and sample t-test to check the status of each component. Research findings. Data analysis was performed in SPSS software version 22 and PLS. Open, axial, and selective coding was also used in the qualitative part of the research. The qualitative results of the research showed that 22 complications were extracted from the interviews that were classified into 6 categories including goals, structure, rewards, useful mechanisms, communication and leadership. The results showed that among the sporting events in schools in Deprived Areas of the country, the goals with the impact rate of 0. 969 were the most important. To evaluate the model performance of the present research, the fit indices of the Structural Equation Approach (PALAS) approach were used. Sample Tatech test results showed that the rate of complications identified in the study included the Weisbord model in all dimensions and domains below the mean level of 3. Given the significance level of less than 0. 05, it can be stated that these conditions are in undesirable conditions. Meanwhile, the state of play related to sports goals in schools in disadvantaged Areas is in a disadvantage compared to other conditions. It seems that the lack of clear goals as well as the lack of clarity in some aspects of the school sports structure have led to the lowest level of importance of sports in schools in disadvantaged Areas. This is due to the lack of appropriate culture for the performance of sports among students. This has led to the focus of school principals and education officials on addressing problems and shortcomings in the non-sporting Areas of schools, and on the other hand, even in some cases, channeling many of the budgets and privileges related to sports. Lead the non-sport Areas of schools.

Introduction: The maintenance of specialized physicians in Deprived and less developed Areas is of great importance so that if their maintenance is not considered, it will cause problems in the health of the community. Methods: The present study was a qualitative study. Participants in the study included 20 experts, physicians and health managers in less developed provinces and disadvantaged Areas who were selected by snowball sampling and invited for interviews. Grounded theory method was used to analyze the data and all data including the results of theoretical foundations, upstream documents and interviews were coded and classified. Results: The final model consisted of three organizational, environmental and individual factors of retention of specialist physicians in disadvantaged and underdeveloped Areas. After analyzing the upstream documents, interviews and open coding and selective coding in the upstream documents section, the two main categories include physicians' welfare and social and psychological support of physicians, and in the interview section, the eight main categories include; Facilities needed by specialized physicians in Deprived Areas (10 concepts), problems in maintaining specialized physicians in Deprived Areas (18 concepts), positive results in maintaining specialized physicians in Deprived Areas (11 concepts), negative results, lack of specialized physicians in Deprived Areas (12 concepts), Motivational conditions for keeping specialized physicians in Deprived Areas (13 concepts), strategies for keeping specialized physicians in Deprived Areas (12 concepts), factors of reluctance of specialized physicians in Deprived Areas (15 concepts) and the current situation of specialized physicians in Deprived Areas (9 concepts) Extracted and placed in the model. Conclusions: Three organizational, environmental and individual factors are effective in retaining specialist physicians in Deprived and less developed Areas. Accordingly, decision-makers can plan according to the identified factors in order to improve the maintenance conditions and provide the required manpower in Deprived Areas.

Development planning in Iran has been considered in the past, but has not made much progress in terms of balanced development and attention to regional justice. Lack of appropriate conditions for governing regional development is the reason for the failure of balanced regional development policies in Iran from the perspective of institutional approach. The present study aimed at evaluating and analyzing the governance structure of development for Deprived Areas of the country according to the laws and legal duties of the Sixth Economic and Social Development Plan. The cooperation network was analyzed based on the legal duties of the institutions and organizations in charge of sustainable and balanced development programs in the regions using Ucinet and Netdraw software as to the indicators of degree centrality, betweenness centrality, density, geodetic distance and cutting points. The results show that the lack of a regional development management system, the absence of a definition of executive and supervisory institutions, and the nonexistence of attention to regional potentials, indigenous human capital knowledge and local entrepreneurship development are the main challenges of regional development governance structure. Due to the imbalance in distribution of power among the key the stakeholders in the current structure, development of cooperation between provincial planners and other key actors, identifying the regional development roadmap, strengthening the legislative role of parliament, the oversight role of the Environmental Protection Organization, and the participatory role of communities local development are counted as the capacities of balanced regional development governance in the country.